Glossary

adaptation: the process by which an organism or species becomes adjusted to its environment. In the context of climate change, adaptation refers to the adjustments inhabitants of the earth would need to make in the face of inevitable, irreversible changes. These adjustments would be made primarily at the local climate level. If mitigation measures were able to reduce the scale of change or extend the length of time over which it occurs, adaptation would be much easier. (See mitigation.)

anthropogenic: from the Greek root anthropos, meaning "man". Anthropogenic means human- induced or human-caused.

anthropogenic emissions: greenhouse gas emissions that arise from human activities

biomass: the total amount or mass of living organisms within a given surface area

biosphere: the total of all areas on Earth -- even the deep ocean and part of the atmosphere -- where organisms are found

carbon cycle: the cycle in which carbon moves through the biosphere, involving the exchange of carbon between the oceanic and terrestrial ecosystems, on the one hand, and the atmosphere, on the other. Scientists are seeking to understand the fluxes to and from these major carbon cycle reservoirs and how they respond to climate change. To do so, it is also necessary to understand why about half the carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere as a result of fossil fuel combustion and deforestation is accumulating in the atmosphere while the other half is held in other reservoirs such as the oceans or plants. (See also carbon dioxide (CO2), fossil fuels and sinks.)

carbon dioxide (CO2): recognized as the principal contributor to increasing atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases and therefore to global warming (see greenhouse gases). Society's use of energy is the largest factor in this carbon dioxide generation. Carbon dioxide is produced by the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. It is removed from the atmosphere through ocean absorption and through photosynthesis by growing plants.

climate variability: is a term used to describe the way climate varies around average climate conditions, on time scales from seasons and years to decades and longer. Much of climate variability is caused by natural oscillations in ocean currents and atmospheric pressure patterns. However, climate change caused by humans can also affect climate variability.

ecological footprint: An ecological footprint is the amount of productive land area required to sustain one human being.

fossil fuels: a collective term for coal, petroleum and natural gas, which are used for energy production through combustion. They are called fossil fuels because they are made of fossilized, carbon-rich plant and animal remains. These remains were buried in sediments millions of years ago and, over geological time, have been converted to their current state. Fossil fuels can be extracted from the sediments by humans millions of years after their deposition and their stored energy can be used as fuel when it is burned.

global warming: strictly speaking, the natural warming and cooling trends that the Earth has experienced all through its history. However, the term global warming has become popularized as the term that encompasses all aspects of the global warming problem, including the potential climate changes that will be brought about by an increase in global temperatures.

greenhouse effect: the process by which heat accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere instead of being released out into space. This process occurs naturally and keeps the Earth warm enough to sustain life. Scientific evidence shows human activity is intensifying this natural process. The greenhouse effect produced by different gases depends not just on the amount of the gas in the atmosphere at present, expected future emissions, and the lifetime of individual molecules in the gas. It is also dependent to a very large extent on how effective the gas is in absorbing radiation.

greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These gases together absorb the earth's radiation and warm the atmosphere. Some greenhouse gases occur naturally but are also produced by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels. When greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere, they have an impact on climate and weather patterns. They are usually measured in carbon dioxide equivalents. The United Nations says the GHGs mostly responsible for causing climate change are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).

methane (CH4): one of the three major greenhouse gases responsible for climate change (see greenhouse gases). Although there is less methane than carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, methane is a more effective heat-trapping greenhouse gas. The IPCC estimates that the global warming potential of methane is 21 times that of carbon dioxide. Methane comes from the decay of matter without the presence of oxygen. Human activities such as rice cultivation, the rearing of some farm animals (see ruminants), biomass burning, coal mining and natural gas venting are increasing the input of methane into the atmosphere.

mitigation: the term used to cover measures that seek to avoid, reduce or delay global warming by reducing those emissions of atmospheric gases that are of human origin or within human control

nitrous oxide (N2O): one of the three major greenhouse gases responsible for climate change (see greenhouse gases). Soils and oceans are the primary natural sources of nitrous oxide. Humans contribute to nitrous oxide emissions through soil cultivation and the use of nitrogen fertilizers, nylon production and the burning of organic material and fossil fuels. Combustion and biomass burning are sources of nitrous oxide emissions. Agricultural practices may stimulate emissions of nitrous oxide from soils and play a major role in the build-up of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.

sinks: natural systems forests and wetlands, for example that absorb and store greenhouse gases

weather: state or condition of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, and clearness or cloudiness for a certain period of time such as hours, days, weeks

 

Source: National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy http://www.nrtee-trnee.ca/eng/programs/ArchivedPrograms/Climate_change/climatechange_glossary_e.htm

 
 
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